File system quản lý cách data được lưu trên storage: cấu trúc directory tree, metadata (inode: permissions/timestamps/size/data block pointers), free space management, journaling để tránh corruption khi crash.
ext4 (Linux): journaling filesystem, extents thay vì block maps, delayed allocation, dir_index (HTree), max file 16TB, max volume 1EB — workhorse của Linux servers, stable và battle-tested. NTFS (Windows): journaling, Master File Table (MFT), support NTFS permissions/ACL, Alternate Data Streams, compression/encryption built-in, max 16EB — nhưng Linux support read/write NTFS qua ntfs-3g/ntfs3. APFS (Apple): Copy-on-Write (không corrupt khi crash), native encryption, snapshots (Time Machine), clones (copy-on-write files — cp instant), space sharing giữa volumes trong container — optimized cho SSD/Flash.
Thực tế DevOps: Docker image layers dùng overlay2 filesystem; ZFS (FreeBSD/Linux) thêm checksums và RAID tích hợp cho NAS; volume mount giữa host và container cần match permissions.